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Nationalism is a political ideology that emphasises the interests and culture of a particular nation, often in opposition to foreign influence or control. It promotes the idea that individuals should be loyal to their nation and priorities the nation’s sovereignty, identity, and unity. Nationalism can manifest in various ways, from the celebration of national achievements and symbols to movements for independence or self-determination.

There are different forms of nationalism, including civic nationalism, which is based on shared values and citizenship, and ethnic nationalism, which is based on common ancestry and cultural heritage. While nationalism can foster a sense of belonging and pride, it can also lead to exclusionary practices and conflicts, particularly when it fosters intolerance towards other nations or groups. 

Overall, nationalism plays a significant role in shaping political landscapes, influencing policies, and affecting international relations.

Nationalism can be traced back to the late 18th and early 19th centuries, emerging as a powerful force during the age of revolutions, such as the American and French Revolutions. It became a significant aspect of the modern state system, particularly in the context of the decline of empires and the rise of nation-states.

### Key Aspects of Nationalism

1. **Cultural Identity**: Nationalism often emphasises the unique culture, language, and traditions of a nation. This cultural aspect can foster a strong sense of community and belonging among individuals who identify with that nation.

2. **Political Sovereignty**: Nationalists advocate for the self-governance and independence of their nation. This can lead to movements for independence from colonial rule or domination by foreign powers.

3. **Unity and Cohesion**: Nationalism seeks to unify people under a common identity, often promoting solidarity and national pride. This can be particularly important in diverse societies where different groups may have distinct identities.

4. **Exclusion and Othering**: While nationalism can create a sense of belonging, it can also lead to exclusionary practices. Nationalists may view those outside their nation as “others,” which can result in xenophobia, discrimination, and conflict.

5. **Economic Nationalism**: This form of nationalism emphasises protecting domestic industries and jobs from foreign competition. Policies may include tariffs, trade barriers, and other measures to promote local businesses.

6. **Civic vs. Ethnic Nationalism**: Civic nationalism is based on shared citizenship and values, while ethnic nationalism is based on common ancestry and cultural heritage. These distinctions can affect how nations respond to immigration and integration.

### Nationalism in the Modern World

In recent years, nationalism has seen a resurgence in various parts of the world. Factors contributing to this include economic globalisation, migration, and perceived threats to national identity and sovereignty. Populist movements often harness nationalist sentiments to rally support, leading to debates about immigration, trade, and international cooperation.

### Critiques of Nationalism

Critics argue that nationalism can lead to divisiveness, conflict, and intolerance. Historical examples include the rise of fascist regimes in the early 20th century and the tragic consequences of ethnic nationalism in events like the Yugoslav Wars. Additionally, extreme nationalism can undermine global cooperation on issues like climate change, human rights, and economic inequality.

In summary, nationalism is a complex and multifaceted ideology that can inspire unity and pride while also posing challenges related to exclusion and conflict. Its impact continues to shape contemporary political discourse and international relations.